In this chapter, the benefit of equipping the robot with odor sensors is investigated. The chapter addresses the types of tasks the mobile robots can accomplish with the help of olfactory sensing capabilities, the technical challenges in mobile robot olfaction, the status of mobile robot olfaction. The chapter also addresses simple and complex electronic olfaction sensors used in mobile robotics, the challenge of using chemical sensors, the use of many types of algorithms for robot olfaction, and the future research directions in the field of mobile robot olfaction. © 2018, IGI Global.